Download >>> https://byltly.com/2848tp
Fluid therapy is helpful for patients with burn injuries that result in poor venous blood flow, heart failure, sepsis, and stroke. Fluid therapy is not meant to replace intravenous (IV) therapy; fluid support should only be considered when IV therapy cannot be initiated. Venous blood returns to the heart through deep veins or large arteries known as vena cavae (best understood as the "blood veins" of the body). When there are burns on the extremities where fluid has escaped into tissue spaces rather than returning to systemic circulation, fluids can accumulate in areas of poor perfusion such as the lungs. This buildup can cause edema and respiratory distress. Fluid may also be lost via internal bleeding, diarrhea, or vomiting. Fluid replacement restores blood volume and pressure to normal levels, improves circulation to vital organs, and helps maintain oxygenation. In patients with heart failure, fluids help support the circulation while the heart is undergoing treatment. In patients with burns who cannot tolerate IV fluid administration because of poor perfusion, fluid taken orally is passed into the bloodstream through the membranes of the small intestine. This can also be done with a nasogastric feeding tube that delivers fluids into a stomach that is unable to hold anything by mouth due to a gag reflex or nausea. Fluid therapy should be administered initially using intravenous (IV) therapy. IV therapy is the most effective, but is not always possible due to toxicity, uncooperative patients, or lack of facilities. Often there are documented biochemical derangements that may preclude the use of an IV approach including severe acidosis or electrolyte abnormalities that cause cardiac arrhythmias. To treat patients with these conditions, methods other than IV therapy must be implemented including fluid resuscitation through gravity-assisted venous access (GAV), dialysis, and continuous indwelling venous access (CIVA). Acetate administration is given by either bolus injection or continuous infusion. It works by binding with calcium in the bloodstream and removing it. The advantage of acetate is that it is not filtered by the kidneys, but can cause metabolic alkalosis. This therapy is useful in the emergency situation, but over time causes powerful contraction of muscles of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which can lead to paralytic ileus. If gastric secretions are reduced, gastric ulcerations can result. When given to very sick patients with burn injuries who cannot tolerate an IV approach due to cardiac arrhythmias or electrolyte abnormalities that cause cardiac arrhythmias, fluid resuscitation using GAVs (parenteral nutrition) may be necessary. A GAV can be placed in a large vein and requires gravity to work. A GAV often requires patience and time to become effective, and should be thought of as a bridge to IV therapy because there is no way other than the GI tract for the body to get rid of any excess fluid that enters into it. Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by extreme polyuria (passing large amounts of urine), which can lead to hypernatremia (high sodium levels in the blood). The most common cause of diabetes insipidus is cranial injury that results in damage to the hypothalamus, but it may be caused by infections, tumors, trauma, or radiation treatment. cfa1e77820
Comments